The Role of Neural Stem Cells in Other Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment Therefore, implanting neural stem cells into the inner ear to regenerate spiral neurons and synaptic connections is also a potential way to restore hearing ( Géléoc and Holt, 2014). The loss of spiral neurons permanently damages the afferent pathways of auditory signals and causes SNHL ( Shi and Edge, 2013). In addition, the loss of spiral ganglia, which are important to receiving incoming signals in the auditory system, is also irreversible. At present, the use of stem cells to induce differentiation to replace damaged hair cells is regarded as the most feasible treatment for regenerating hair cells. However, adult mammals have no regenerative ability for damaged hair cells, so hearing loss is permanent ( Corwin and Cotanche, 1988 Brigande and Heller, 2009 Warchol, 2011). Previous studies have shown that non-mammalian vertebrates can regenerate hair cells in the cochlea and vestibular system after the hair cells are damaged to restore auditory function ( Corwin and Cotanche, 1988). Therefore, the damage to the two kinds of inner ear nerve cells can cause permanent hearing loss ( Lang, 2016). The loss of outer hair cells affects the function of the cochlear amplifier the loss of inner hair cells or their synapses inhibits the encoding of sound signals and the loss of spiral ganglia affects the encoding or conduction of sound signals ( Moser et al., 2013). The main factors that cause SNHL are damage to hair cells, damage to or loss of synapses between neurons and hair cells, and neuronal degeneration ( Waqas et al., 2018). SNHL (SNHL) is caused by damage to the inner ear, auditory nerve, or central auditory pathway ( Dufner-Almeida et al., 2019). After exposure to the mechanical pressure of sound waves, the inner ear hair cells release neurotransmitters to the spiral ganglion cells, which then transmit signals to the auditory center. Inner ear hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons play a key role in the transmission of peripheral auditory signals ( Nayagam et al., 2011 Moser and Starr, 2016). Therefore, stem cell therapy may be an effective treatment for SNHL. However, even if the patient receives effective treatment in the acute phase, his hearing cannot be perfectly restored to the level before the illness ( Stachler et al., 2012). Some experts believe that the best time for initiating treatment should be within 48 h following the first aural symptoms ( Ojha et al., 2020). For patients who have not received effective treatment for more than 72 h after the onset of symptoms, the probability of hearing improvement will be greatly reduced. The efficacy of treatment for patients in the acute phase is about 50%–70% ( Tucci et al., 2002 Jeyakumar et al., 2006 Stachler et al., 2012). In addition, local hormone injections, hyperbaric oxygen chamber rehabilitation, hearing aids, cochlear implantation, etc., can also be used in treatment ( Chandrasekhar et al., 2019). At present, the treatment of SNHL mainly involves injections or oral drugs. The damage site for conductive hearing loss is mainly in the outer ear and middle ear, while the damage site for SNHL is mainly in the inner ear and auditory nerve ( Weissman, 1996). Hearing loss can be classified as conductive hearing loss or SNHL according to the site of damage. Hearing disabilities have become one of the most common sensory disabilities in the world, but there is still no effective treatment for deafness ( Wilson et al., 2017). With the development of related research, stem cell therapy will play a greater role in the treatment of diseases related to the inner ear. At present, stem cell therapy still has limitations, but the role of this technology in the treatment of hearing diseases has been widely recognized. This article describes the methods for inducing the differentiation of endogenous and exogenous stem cells, the implantation operation and regulation of exogenous stem cells after implanted into the inner ear, and it elaborates the relevant signal pathways of stem cells in the inner ear, as well as the clinical application of various new materials. A number of studies have proved that the transplantation of neural stem cells in multiple organs has an important therapeutic effect on activation and regeneration of cells, and restore damaged neurons. In recent years, neural stem cell transplantation has received widespread attention as a new treatment method for supplementing specific cells damaged by disease, such as neurodegenerative diseases.
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